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+1. Overview
+
+Here's the data flow in the qmail suite:
+
+ qmail-smtpd --- qmail-queue --- qmail-send --- qmail-rspawn --- qmail-remote
+               /                     |      \
+qmail-inject _/                 qmail-clean  \_ qmail-lspawn --- qmail-local
+
+Every message is added to a central queue directory by qmail-queue.
+qmail-queue is invoked as needed, usually by qmail-inject for locally
+generated messages, qmail-smtpd for messages received through SMTP,
+qmail-local for forwarded messages, or qmail-send for bounce messages.
+
+Every message is then delivered by qmail-send, in cooperation with
+qmail-lspawn and qmail-rspawn, and cleaned up by qmail-clean. These four
+programs are long-running daemons.
+
+The queue is designed to be crashproof, provided that the underlying
+filesystem is crashproof. All cleanups are handled by qmail-send and
+qmail-clean without human intervention. See section 6 for more details.
+
+
+2. Queue structure
+
+Each message in the queue is identified by a unique number, let's say
+457. The queue is organized into several directories, each of which may
+contain files related to message 457:
+
+   mess/457: the message
+   todo/457: the envelope: where the message came from, where it's going
+   intd/457: the envelope, under construction by qmail-queue
+   info/457: the envelope sender address, after preprocessing
+   local/457: local envelope recipient addresses, after preprocessing
+   remote/457: remote envelope recipient addresses, after preprocessing
+   bounce/457: permanent delivery errors
+
+Here are all possible states for a message. + means a file exists; -
+means it does not exist; ? means it may or may not exist.
+
+   S1. -mess -intd -todo -info -local -remote -bounce
+   S2. +mess -intd -todo -info -local -remote -bounce
+   S3. +mess +intd -todo -info -local -remote -bounce
+   S4. +mess ?intd +todo ?info ?local ?remote -bounce (queued)
+   S5. +mess -intd -todo +info ?local ?remote ?bounce (preprocessed)
+
+Guarantee: If mess/457 exists, it has inode number 457.
+
+
+3. How messages enter the queue
+
+To add a message to the queue, qmail-queue first creates a file in a
+separate directory, pid/, with a unique name. The filesystem assigns
+that file a unique inode number. qmail-queue looks at that number, say
+457. By the guarantee above, message 457 must be in state S1.
+
+qmail-queue renames pid/whatever as mess/457, moving to S2. It writes
+the message to mess/457. It then creates intd/457, moving to S3, and
+writes the envelope information to intd/457.
+
+Finally qmail-queue creates a new link, todo/457, for intd/457, moving
+to S4. At that instant the message has been successfully queued, and
+qmail-queue leaves it for further handling by qmail-send.
+
+qmail-queue starts a 24-hour timer before touching any files, and
+commits suicide if the timer expires.
+
+
+4. How queued messages are preprocessed
+
+Once a message has been queued, qmail-send must decide which recipients
+are local and which recipients are remote. It may also rewrite some
+recipient addresses.
+
+When qmail-send notices todo/457, it knows that message 457 is in S4. It
+removes info/457, local/457, and remote/457 if they exist. Then it reads
+through todo/457. It creates info/457, possibly local/457, and possibly
+remote/457. When it is done, it removes intd/457. The message is still
+in S4 at this point. Finally qmail-send removes todo/457, moving to S5.
+At that instant the message has been successfully preprocessed.
+
+
+5. How preprocessed messages are delivered
+
+Messages at S5 are handled as follows. Each address in local/457 and
+remote/457 is marked either NOT DONE or DONE.
+
+   DONE: The message was successfully delivered, or the last delivery
+         attempt met with permanent failure. Either way, qmail-send
+	 should not attempt further delivery to this address.
+
+   NOT DONE: If there have been any delivery attempts, they have all
+             met with temporary failure. Either way, qmail-send should
+             try delivery in the future.
+
+qmail-send may at its leisure try to deliver a message to a NOT DONE
+address. If the message is successfully delivered, qmail-send marks the
+address as DONE. If the delivery attempt meets with permanent failure,
+qmail-send first appends a note to bounce/457, creating bounce/457 if
+necessary; then it marks the address as DONE. Note that bounce/457 is
+not crashproof.
+
+qmail-send may handle bounce/457 at any time, as follows: it (1) injects
+a new bounce message, created from bounce/457 and mess/457; (2) deletes
+bounce/457.
+
+When all addresses in local/457 are DONE, qmail-send deletes local/457.
+Same for remote/457. 
+
+When local/457 and remote/457 are gone, qmail-send eliminates the
+message, as follows. First, if bounce/457 exists, qmail-send handles it
+as described above. Once bounce/457 is definitely gone, qmail-send
+deletes info/457, moving to S2, and finally mess/457, moving to S1.
+
+
+6. Cleanups
+
+If the computer crashes while qmail-queue is trying to queue a message,
+or while qmail-send is eliminating a message, the message may be left in
+state S2 or S3.
+
+When qmail-send sees a message in state S2 or S3---other than one
+it is currently eliminating!---where mess/457 is more than 36 hours old,
+it deletes intd/457 if that exists, then deletes mess/457. Note that any
+qmail-queue handling the message must be dead.
+
+Similarly, when qmail-send sees a file in the pid/ directory that is
+more than 36 hours old, it deletes it.
+
+Cleanups are not necessary if the computer crashes while qmail-send is
+delivering a message. At worst a message may be delivered twice. (There
+is no way for a distributed mail system to eliminate the possibility of
+duplication. What if an SMTP connection is broken just before the server
+acknowledges successful receipt of the message? The client must assume
+the worst and send the message again. Similarly, if the computer crashes
+just before qmail-send marks a message as DONE, the new qmail-send must
+assume the worst and send the message again. The usual solutions in the
+database literature---e.g., keeping log files---amount to saying that
+it's the recipient's computer's job to discard duplicate messages.)
+
+
+7. Further notes
+
+Currently info/457 serves two purposes: first, it records the envelope
+sender; second, its modification time is used to decide when a message
+has been in the queue too long. In the future info/457 may store more
+information. Any non-backwards-compatible changes will be identified by
+version numbers.
+
+When qmail-queue has successfully placed a message into the queue, it
+pulls a trigger offered by qmail-send. Here is the current triggering
+mechanism: lock/trigger is a named pipe. Before scanning todo/,
+qmail-send opens lock/trigger O_NDELAY for reading. It then selects for
+readability on lock/trigger. qmail-queue pulls the trigger by writing a
+byte O_NDELAY to lock/trigger. This makes lock/trigger readable and
+wakes up qmail-send. Before scanning todo/ again, qmail-send closes and
+reopens lock/trigger.